diff -ur v10/ezmd.py v11/ezmd.py
--- v10/ezmd.py	2019-09-27 22:16:31.000000000 +0900
+++ v11/ezmd.py	2019-09-30 00:19:27.000000000 +0900
@@ -26,31 +26,30 @@
 
 	return (s, mode)
 
+to_lst = lambda o: o if type(o) == list else [o]
+from_lst = lambda lst: lst[0] if len(lst) == 1 else lst
+flat_map = lambda f, lst: sum( map( lambda o: to_lst( f(o) ), lst ), [] )
+
 lst_strip = lambda lst: list( map( lambda s: s.strip(), lst ) )
 
-def strip_head(s):
-	while s and s[0] in (' ', '\t'):
-		s = s[1:]
-	return s
+strip_head = lambda s: strip_head(s[1:]) if s and s[0] in (' ', '\t') else s
+strip_tail = lambda s: strip_tail(s[:-1]) if s and s[-1] in (' ', '\t') else s
 
-def strip_tail(s):
-	while s and s[-1] in (' ', '\t'):
-		s = s[:-1]
-	return s
+idt_get = lambda s: 1 + idt_get(s[1:]) if s and s[0] in (' ', '\t') else 0
 
 def idt_cnt(s):
-	i = 0
-	while s and s[0] in (' ', '\t'):
-		i += 1
-		s = s[1:]
-	return (i, s)
+	i = idt_get(s)
+	return ( i, s[i:] )
+
+cut_empty = lambda lst: list( filter( lambda s: s != '', lst ) )
 
 def cut_verb_idt(lst):
-	lst_ = list( filter( lambda s: s != '', lst ) )
-	i = min( map( lambda s: idt_cnt(s)[0], lst_ ) )
-	if i > 0:
-		lst = list( map( lambda s: s[i:], lst ) )
-	return lst
+	i = min( map( idt_get, cut_empty(lst) ) )
+	return list( map( lambda s: s[i:], lst ) ) if i > 0 else lst
+
+cut_h_empty = lambda lst: cut_h_empty(lst[1:]) if lst and lst[0] == '' else lst
+cut_t_empty = lambda lst: cut_t_empty(lst[:-1]) if lst and lst[-1] == '' else lst
+cut_ht_empty = lambda lst: cut_t_empty( cut_h_empty(lst) )
 
 def esc_join(lst):
 	res = []
@@ -83,8 +82,7 @@
 		if m:
 			(v1, v2) = lst_strip( m.split('|') ) if '|' in m else (m, m)
 			s3[1] = do_v1v2(v1, v2)
-		lst = list( filter( lambda o: o, s3 ) )
-		return lst[0] if len(lst) == 1 else lst
+		return from_lst( cut_empty(s3) )
 	return s
 
 def do_mode_ul(buf, res):
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@
 def do_mode(mode, buf, res, hd_names):
 	if mode in heads:
 		buf = lst_strip(buf)
-		buf = list( filter( lambda s: s!='', buf ) )
+		buf = cut_empty(buf)
 		s = ''.join(buf)
 		(h_i, n) = ( int(mode[1:]), len(hd_names) )
 		name = 'c_{}_{}'.format(h_i, n)
@@ -144,14 +142,10 @@
 				lsts.append(lst)
 				lst = []
 		for lst in lsts:
-			to_lst = lambda o: o if type(o) == list else [o]
-			lst = sum( map( lambda s: to_lst( do_str(s) ), lst ), [] )
+			lst = flat_map(do_str, lst)
 			res.append( { 'p': lst } )
 	elif mode == 'pre':
-		while buf and buf[0] == '':
-			buf.pop(0)
-		while buf and buf[-1] == '':
-			buf.pop()
+		buf = cut_ht_empty(buf)
 		if buf:
 			buf = cut_verb_idt(buf)
 			s = '\n'.join(buf) + '\n'
@@ -159,10 +153,10 @@
 	elif mode == 'ul':
 		do_mode_ul(buf, res)
 	elif mode == 'hr':
-		res.extend( list( map( lambda s: { 'p': { 'hr': '/' } }, buf ) ) )
+		res.extend( [ { 'p': { 'hr': '/' } } ] * len(buf) )
 	elif mode == 'index':
 		buf = lst_strip(buf)
-		buf = list( filter( lambda s: s!='', buf ) )
+		buf = cut_empty(buf)
 		res.append( { 'index': buf } ) # continue to 2 pass
 
 def do_index(lst, hd_names):
@@ -186,21 +180,17 @@
 			pass
 		return list( filter( lambda vs: vs[0] in sel, hd_names ) )
 
-	res = []	
-	for d in lst:
-		if 'index' in d:
-			slc =slice_get( d.get('index') )
-			names = names_get(hd_names, slc)
-
-			func = lambda h_i, n, name, s: ' ' * h_i + '[[#{}|'.format(name) + s + ']]'
-			buf = list( map( lambda vs: func(*vs), names ) )
-			ul_res = []
-			do_mode_ul(buf, ul_res)
+	def f(buf):
+		names = names_get(hd_names, slice_get(buf) )
 
-			res.extend(ul_res)
-		else:
-			res.append(d)
-	return res
+		func = lambda h_i, n, name, s: ' ' * h_i + '[[#{}|'.format(name) + s + ']]'
+		buf = list( map( lambda vs: func(*vs), names ) )
+
+		ul_res = []
+		do_mode_ul(buf, ul_res)
+		return ul_res
+
+	return flat_map( lambda d: f( d.get('index') ) if 'index' in d else d, lst )
 
 def ezmd(lst):
 	lst = ['p'] + lst